Jean Watson Essay Sample free essay sample

Dr. Jean Watson was conceived in West Virginia. also, has held a recognized calling. She got her Baccalaureate of Nursing. Experts of Science in Nursing in 1966. what's more, a PhD in 1973 from the University of Colorado. She was a Distinguished Professor of Nursing and Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado. a chap in the American Academy of Nursing. what's more, Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and President of the National League for Nursing. Jean Watson held six privileged Doctoral Degrees. what's more, earned specialists degrees in instructive mental science and direction. Her exploration was in the nation of human lovingness and misfortune ( Current. 2012 ) . The Theory of Human Caring was created in 1979. The hypothesis underlines the humanistic aspects of nursing in blend with logical discernment. Watson structured this hypothesis to pass on hugeness and point of convergence to nursing as a discernable health calling. Watson accepts that mindful is an indorsement of an expert medical attendants independence. We will compose a custom article test on Jean Watson Essay Sample or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Blending to Watson. the nurse’s work is to set up a lovingness relationship with patients. She perceives the patient as an all encompassing being included head. natural structure. what's more, soul. The attendant is to uncover unconditioned belief and handle all patients with a positive regard. At the point when the medical caretaker does this. dispensing quality clasp with her patients. she makes carative minutes ( Fitne. 2012 ) . Carative minutes are made by a blend of a nurse’s demeanor and competency. The attendant has the ability to affect her patient’s condition. can may loan to the prosperity and mending of the patient. On the off chance that the medical caretaker goes to the patient as a person in a characteristic and caring way in that minute with contact or a moment of quality. can flexibly a significant effect on a patient outcome. Watson accepts these specific â€Å"carative† minutes change both the patient and medical attendant and partner them in a specific bond ( Fitne. 2012 ) . The hypothesis comprises of 10 essential carative factors:1. The arrangement of a humanistic-unselfish arrangement of qualities 2. The introducing of confidence hope3. The development of affectability to one’s sense of self and to others 4. The improvement of a helping trust relationship5. The exposure and confidence of the vibe of positive and negative emotions 6. The orderly use of the logical critical thinking technique for assurance doing 7. The exposure of relational educating learning 8. The stipulation for a strong. defensive or potentially disciplinary mental. physical. socio-social. what's more, strict condition 9. Help with the fulfillment of human demands.10. The guide of existential-phenomenological powers ( Current. 2012 ) . In notice to the metaparadigm of nursing. orchestrating to Jean Watson the person alludes to â€Å"a esteemed individual in and of oneself to be thought about. regarded. sustained. comprehended. furthermore, assisted†¦ . is seen as more prominent than or not quite the same as the measure of their parts† ( Current. 2012 ) . Wellbeing is characterized as a high level of physical. mental and cultural activity. alongside adaptative everyday activity. furthermore, the nonattendance of unwellness. Condition. fitting to Jean Watson. is a mindful demeanor. while nursing is worried about propelling health. hindering unwellness. thinking about the evil and remaking wellbeing. It centers around wellbeing exposure. what's more, accepts that all encompassing health consideration is cardinal to the example of caring ( Current. 2012 ) . Notices: Current Nursing. com ( 2012 ) . Jean Watson’s Philosophy of Nursing. Recovered on February 5. 2013 from: hypertext move convention:/currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/Watson. hypertext markup language Fitne. com. ( 2012 ) . The medical caretaker theoreticians: Jean Watson †A Theory of Human Caring. Recovered on February 5. 2013 from: hypertext move convention:/www. fitne. net/vlrc/client/content/nt_iop/list. hypertext markup language

Pride In The Crucible Essay Example For Students

Pride In The Crucible Essay I never sold myself! Im a decent young lady! Im a legitimate young lady!; said Abigail Williams in The Crucible (p.40) That and, They should not darkening my name; more than anything are what we hear the most when it comes an opportunity to spare your name. Individuals with over the top pride would hazard to lose everything to ensure no one would ruin their name. They would even blamed their neighbors for the more terrible wrongdoing so they would in any case be a piece of the great side of the general public. In the dramatization play The Crucible, this is essentially what befall the primary characters. Each and every move they do, each and every word they state and each and every idea they have is made in capacity of what individuals would think. Blamed from black magic, the primary character, John Proctor, lose all he has in view of his pride. The predetermination have not be so acceptable either for Giles Corey . His pride for is family may have remained before the law and the sp ecialists, and regardless of whether he spared everything for his children, his pride drove him to death. At that point you have Parris, who for his great name, attempts to conceal reality from the network. The main thing he puts on from this is burden upon his conscience and a white name. As you may have notice, pride is one of the most significant topic in The Crucible. The principle character of the play is John Proctor. Back in time, he took part in an extramarital entanglements with Abigail Williams and what appeared to be a little detail winds up being the primary driver of the allegation charged against his better half, Elizabeth Proctor. The manner in which he generally needed to observe each and every thing he does has driven him to the point that others are a piece of his shrouded nursery and they attempt to stay quiet away from the remainder of the network since they could have dismiss him. The young lady he had lay down with truly wants him and after she engaged in a bla ck magic preliminary, she tells the court that Elizabeth Proctor gave her capacity a shot her. She believed that his significant other would be hang, so John would return her arms. The pride of John Proctor is appeared in the novel by the manner in which he make an effort not to determine what occurred among Abigail and he. He saves it for himself as long as possible and when he at last let it out, so it would demonstrate the aims of Abigail, Elizabeth denies it since she thinks it was a trop against her better half. In any case, in the general public he was living, his pride was supported. He would not have been acknowledged by his locale on the off chance that they would have known his illicit relationship with another lady, and the life of the lady he treasures the most would have been hopeless. He needed to save it for him, so life would keep on being as simple as it seemed to be. Be that as it may, his fate didn't like it to happens as such. At that point you have Giles Corey. His pride most likely stayed stand in view of his family. He needs them to be in the acceptable piece of the general public where they live and not to be dismiss by different residents. Since he was blamed for black magic, his family could have lose everything except for he didn't need it to happen to the individuals he thought the most about, so when the specialists came to him and blamed him for black magic, he has not deny to be a witch since he realized that it would be futile. He additionally didn't affirm it since he needed the best for the individuals he imparted his life to and on the off chance that he had told he was doing black magic they would have been putted separated from the general public and it was the exact opposite thing he needed. So he passed on. The specialists simply continue putting rocks on him to make him talk, yet he passed on. He is a casualty of his pride and possibly it was not generally advantageous. He may have spar ed his home and his own belongings and his family may have kept on living gladly yet they have lost the one individual that were getting them stuff to eat and a rooftop to rest. They have lost the man of the house, it is possible that it was a dad or a spouse, the one that everyone adored in the lead position for what he gives them. His pride is, in a way, advocated, in light of the fact that he did what he thought was the best, and with respect to John Proctor, the lives of the ones he cherished the most would have monstrous on the off chance that he had not have the pride that was consuming in him. However, there is somebody, for who the way that he was glad and didn't need anybody to darkening his name, have been sure; Reverend Parris. Since he was a notable individual in the network, he sensed that he had not to let reality goes out. He felt that no one should realize that Abigail and her companions were just brandishing in the wood and not conjuring spirits. What's more, that, regardless of whether it implies that couple of individuals will be blamed for black magic and be hang. The Devil can't lives under the top of a service and he is happy to effectively demonstrate it since he wouldn't like to have anything to become flushed about his great name. I can't squint what I saw, Abigail, for my adversaries won't flicker it;(p.10). That quote from Reverend Parris appeared in a great manner the amount he thought about what others were going to state about him and the amount he thought about being good. His pride was not legitimized. He risk life of others, play with the power he had on the remainder of the network and he got what he needed. It was narrow minded and weak. Every one of these characters had their explanation of representing their pride. It is possible that it was narrow minded or a demonstration of liberality for his family, they demolished their life and kicked the bucket with reality in their psyche and nobody truly recognizes what it is. The title of that play, The Crucible, might be deciphers effectively by the way that their pride experienced a serious test to know whether they would truly represent what they were and not let individuals think what they were not, particularly on the off chance that it was bad. It is plainly shows that a few people must remain represent their pride, for themselves since they would feel deceive by the main individual that ought not have allowed them to down; themselves.

Sandwiches On Sunday

Sandwiches On Sunday Every Sunday, the Ikenberry Dining Hall has what is known as The Grinder Bar. This has become the highlight of my meals at the dining hall every week. The Grinder Bar is basically a station where we can build sandwiches with any kind of meat, cheese, or condiment that we want on it. The selection is fantastic, and its presence is a treat every week. Each week, me and my friends go and create sandwiches that we think will be delicious. Most of the time, our sandwiches that we build are pretty outlandish. Even if we dont like what we build, we always enjoy the experience. The Grinder Bar is one of the things that makes the Ikenberry Dining Hall so special. The other campus dining halls dont offer things that are quite like The Grinder Bar. The other really nice thing about The Grinder Bar is that you and your friends  dont have to both eat lunch food. During the time when The Grinder Bar is on, the Ikenberry Dining Hall also serves breakfast food. In many ways this meal at the dining hall is actually brunch. Although I dont love everything at the dining hall, the grinder bar is an absolute highlight. Waking up late on a Sunday to sub sandwiches is pretty awesome as a concept and in real life, as well. There is no doubt that I will never miss out on The Grinder Bar. If you love subs as much as me, I highly suggest that you do the same, as well. From Meme Generator Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Essay on Anne Fausto-Sterlings The Five Sexes - 1151 Words

Exploring the Social Standards of Sex and Gender There are several sources that tell a person how to be a man or woman. Science tells us by recognizing the X or Y chromosomes. The media shows us through the physically ideal celebrities that grace the covers of magazines and flaunt their bodies in commercials. Sports, wrestling, cars, and blue for the boys. Dresses, make-up, painted nails, and pink for the girls. All of these sources, as well as others, have evolved into an expectation that has become institutionalized within society. This expectation, is placement and belonging into the binary system of person: the man or the woman. In Anne Fausot-Sterlings acrticles â€Å"The Five Sexes† and the â€Å"The Five Sexes, Revisited†, the†¦show more content†¦Besides the genders male and female, there is also intersexed. Within that group of intersexed, there are subgroups. Fausto-Sterling explains this in her â€Å"The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are Not Enough†: Firstly, the term intersex is used in medical literature to describe the so-called true hermaphrodite (possesses one testis and one ovary), the male pseudohermaphrodite (possess testes and some aspects of the female genitalia, but no ovaries), and female pseudohermaphadites (possess ovaries and some aspects of the male genitalia but lack testes). I had no idea that there were subgroups to the intersexed. Due to social conformity, along with the advancement of technology and surgical procedure intersexed persons are aimed to be fixed at birth. Although otherwise healthy, there is a need to perform surgery on the baby in order to remove certain sexual organs that dont fit with the perfect idea of what a girl or boy should look like. This often leaves scars, and the psychological and emotional confusion along with it. â€Å"The Five Sexes Revisited† focused on the importance of therapy over surgery. Medical ethicist Laurence B. McCullough of the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at Baylor Collefe of Medicine in Houston, Texas â€Å"contend[ed] that in the process of assigning gender, physicians should minimize what he calls irreversible assignments: taking steps such as the surgical removalShow MoreRelatedThe Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough by Anne Fausto-Sterling1781 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article â€Å"The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough†, Anne Fausto-Sterling makes some very compelling points. One of her main points is that the western worlds binary system of sex is to constraining and proposes that instead our system should be increase to five, or possible more, sexes. This paper will explain the premises of her argument and important terms. This will be followed by a counterargument as to why three sexes are the max needed and that Fausto-Sterling view could leadRead MoreThe traditional biological understandings of sex and gender create a binary concept mainly in the800 Words   |  4 PagesThe traditional biological understandings of sex and gender create a binary concept mainly in the Western culture by having two strictly fixed options of male or female. This binary notion of gender and sex was put to the test by both Anne Fausto-Sterling and Oyeronke Oyewumi. Sterling argues that rather than just two separate ends, biological gender occurs across a continuum of possibilities. This spectr um of anatomical deviation by itself should be enough to disregard the simplistic notion ofRead MoreSex : Strict Dimorphism Or Sexual Haploid1620 Words   |  7 Pagessociety has been recognized largely as a western cultural viewpoint. While not everyone agrees with this viewpoint, one biologist that plays a role in this discussion is Anne Fausto-Sterling. She is an expert in gender development and wrote extensively on the subject of gene and gender. In this paper I will discuss Fausto-Sterling’s view on sex and gender, and how she undermines the idea of strict universal dimorphism. Being that sexual dimorphism is the favored view of most in the scientific communityRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women908 Words   |  4 Pagesand sex binaries through examples found in cultures throughout the world. In Anne Fausto-Sterling’s article, The Five Sexes, she discusses why the sex binary of male and female is not enough. She contends that â€Å"biologically speaking, there are many gradations running from female to male; and depending on how one calls the shots, one can argue that along that spectrum lie at least five sexes—and perhaps even more† (Fausto-Sterling; 21). The three subgroups within the sex spectrum have a mixture of

definition paper - 627 Words

Unlike any other form of literature or entertainment, Fairy Tales help children to discover their identity and suggest experiences needed to develop their character. In Bruno Bettelheim’s â€Å"Life Divined from the Inside† Bettelheim states that â€Å"Fairy Tales intimate that a rewarding, good life is within one’s reach despite adversity-but only if one does not shy away from the hazardous struggles without which one can never achieve true identity (Bettelheim 106). Anne Sexton’s â€Å"Cinderella† is a perfect example of Bettelheim’s definition of a Fairy Tale. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The story of Cinderella is a classic story that has had many different versions. Anne Sexton’s version, begins as Cinderella’s mother is on her death bed. She is†¦show more content†¦The Ball was for the prince to find a bride, and although Cinderella begged her stepmother to let her go, she wasn’t allowed. Bettelheim must agree with all this adversity that Cinderella is facing. Later, her stepmother threw a dish of food into the fire and told her that if in an hour she had picked them up, she could go. Even though the Birds came and picked up the food, Cinderella’s stepmother still said no. Her stepmother’s reasoning for not letting her go was that she had no clothes and that could not dance. It’s hard not to see how hard Cinderella is trying to lead a good life, although she faces so much adversity. Bettelheim might also agree. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As the old saying goes â€Å"The good guy always wins†; Cinderella ends up going to the prince’s ball and is the only girl he dances with all night. For three nights the Prince walked Cinderella home, and she would disappear. However, on the third day the prince caught Cinderella’s shoe by putting wax on the steps. He gets the shoe and tries to find her. He goes to Cinderella’s house to try to find her, and her step sisters try on the shoe with no avail. Finally, Cinderella tried on the shoe and it was a perfect fit. Now that the Prince had found his princess, they decided to get married. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Cinderella and the Prince lived, theyShow MoreRelatedFear-Definition Paper1020 Words   |  5 PagesFear Heart pounding, heavy breathing, and pale skin are all triggered by what is known as fear. But what is fear, really? Is it simply just being afraid? Are there things that should be feared? Can a person control fear? These questions can be thought-provoking at best but they all lead to the same answer. Fear is what overcomes the mind when a person is put into a situation they dont know how to handle. Fear can be expressed in many ways, such as crying, screaming, sweating, silence, runningRead MoreDefinition Paper on Honor864 Words   |  4 PagesReed Kolany September 23rd, 2012 Ms. Richardson Period 1 Honor. There is a little bit of it in each of us. Some more than others do, but they earned it. Honor. Or it could be honour. It does not matter how it is spelled, it means the same universally. Honor. Great men and women earned it. They have gone beyond their normal duties to earn this. Honor. Local heroes have this too. They fall under the same category as great men and women. Honor. I think you get the point. I could keep goingRead MoreOperation Management Definition Paper921 Words   |  4 PagesOperation Management Definition Paper The purpose of this paper is to describe the importance of operations management to a health care organization. In addition, the author of this paper will provide a personal definition of what operations management means and why is important to a healthcare organization. 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Does Music Really Create Better Students Education Essay Free Essays

In 1981 Bob Marley died of malignant melanoma, a unsafe malignant neoplastic disease found in the toe. â€Å" He was a large musical figure to the universe: his music spoke to an exhausted and oppressed coevals that had experienced incredible poorness, racism, hungriness, and force † ( HistoryWorld 2 ) .A Bob Marley ‘s lazy, loosen uping reggae music connected non merely with his Jamaican chaps, but besides to the young person in the United States and Western Europe so efficaciously that he was looked upon as one of the most influential political figures in the western world. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Music Really Create Better Students Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A Bob Marley, a hapless Jamaican Rastafarian of 30 old ages, was lifted to a place of unofficial but immensely important political power by nil more than his religious, socially cognizant music.A Bob Marley is one of many instrumentalists that have proved that music can hold a profound consequence on many facets of humanity. Music is the most common linguistic communication in the western world.A Books must be translated, addresss interpreted, symbols and hand-gestures explained.A Music, on the other manus, is different.A American, Chinese, Russian, Italian, and German instrumentalists all â€Å" read † and â€Å" hear † the same music, â€Å" enchantment † chords the same manner, and know the same musical â€Å" alphabet. â€Å" A The alone uniformity of music makes it the lone linguistic communication that can be understood at face value by, rather literally, everyone who hears it.A While music is heard, on the most basic degree, uniformly by every hearer, it is wholly unfastened to reading. A It is about certain that each and every hearer who hears the exact same composing, in the exact manner, at the exact same clip, will construe it in a wholly original way.A A A A A A A The uniformity of linguistic communication and originality of reading that music provides causes it to unite both the logical â€Å" left-brain † and the originative â€Å" right-brain † in ways which no other medium renders possible.A For illustration, Miles Davis ‘s legendary free wind album Bitches Brew was captured in one recording and is wholly improvisational with perfectly zero anterior planning.A The antonym, nevertheless, can be seen in the preciseness and technically pristine playing of the great classical fiddle ace, Itzhak Perlman.A Both Davis and Perlman are playing nil but the standard 12 notes found in the musical alphabet.A Both exhausted countless hours for the huge bulk of their lives practising their trade, honing their accomplishments, analyzing the elaboratenesss of music theory, and the natural philosophies of their peculiar instruments.A The consequences of all of this pain-staking research and pattern, when interpreted and utilized by two d ifferent heads, are entire opposites.A On the one manus, the consequence is musical flawlessness – on the other, its opposite.A Both are superb, both are rooted in a really scientific and precise survey of music, both are wholly originally and are really different from one another.A This unusual combination of logic and creativeness becomes increasing apparent when music is utilized in the acquisition procedure and makes music critical portion of a kid ‘s instruction due to its consequence on concluding abilities and possible as a larning tool in many scenes. â€Å" Music is a powerful tool and as seen can dramatically better and enrich everybody. It makes sense to force music instruction and to let immature coevalss to derive these fantastic benefits – higher intelligence through increased originative thought, job resolution and physically stronger encephalons, a higher perceptual experience of life including better attitudes, strong desires to accomplish and carry through and higher ego esteem, better developed subject, survey accomplishments, concentration, communicating and squad accomplishments which transfer from instruction through to career and a better apprehension of communities and society † ( Guth 1 ) . A Music holds tremendous potency for helping in the educational process.A At the root of music ‘s possible as an educational tool is the alone manner that affects the human brain.A In recent old ages, scientists have made amazing finds demoing that music has a significant consequence on a hearer ‘s concluding abilities.A Scientists have been analyzing the effects of music on persons ‘ concluding abilities since the Gallic scientist Dr. Albert Tomatis began analyzing the effects of music composed by Amadeus Mozart on autistic kids in the late 1950’s.A Children were trained to prove out how music effects their public presentations. At the terminal of preparation, all the kids were able to execute simple tunes by Beethoven and Mozart. When they did â€Å" they were so subjected to spatial-temporal logical thinking trials calibrated for age, and their public presentation was more than 30 % better than that of kids of similar age given either computing machine le ssons for 6 months or no particular preparation. † ( Bridgett 3 ) Since so legion scientist at the helm of legion surveies have concluded non merely that music has a positive consequence on the encephalon ‘s capacity to believe critically, but that music can arouse drastic alterations in temper and heed. A survey published in May of 2001 by Atkinson College ‘s Psychology Department examined the cogency of the Mozart Effect.A The research workers tested the effects of listening to a bright, up-tempo piece of music on spacial logical thinking and compared them to the effects of listening to a slow, sad piece of music.A They measured non merely the participants ‘ ability to ground following hearing to the piece but besides the consequence that the piece had on their mood.A They found that those who listened to the sad music experienced feelings of ennui or unhappiness and performed significantly worse on the concluding trial. The survey concluded that music ‘s consequence on concluding and test-taking abilities is really a bypr oduct of the effects music has on mood.A They concluded that the Mozart Effect resulted in â€Å" an sweetening of spatial-temporal logical thinking public presentation after listening to Mozart ‘s music for 10 proceedingss depends on the person and the particular undertakings chosen. † ( Bridgett 6 ) Then In 2008 the Osaka School of Medicine conducted a survey that expanded on this concept.A The 2008 survey examined topics ‘ encephalons as they listened to music.A This survey focused on the key of the music and its consequence on the brain.A The survey found that music composed in a major manner ( which tends to sound â€Å" happier † ) reduces emphasis degrees and can greatly cut down mental weariness which can halter the encephalon ‘s ability to treat information and do decisions.A Music composed in a minor manner ( which tends to sound â€Å" sad † ) besides had a positive consequence on the encephalon but non to the same extent.A A While the music does impact the human encephalon unusually and positively, the possible benefits music can convey to pupils are non limited to its mensurable impact on the brain.A Music is besides an effectual tool for larning a assortment of accomplishments that are good to pupils ‘ mundane lives in the long term, including logical thinking and analytical abilities, teamwork, and discipline.A One accomplishment that music helps to learn that is really closely related to its antecedently mentioned effects on encephalon chemical science is by conditioning pupils to look at and analyze state of affairss creatively.A Music presents an remarkably synergistic and entertaining manner of learning pupils to believe critically and to work out jobs that are frequently abstract and subjective in nature.A â€Å" The substance of drama in really immature kids is normally comprised of the environmental objects and experiences to which they have been exposed. If the music environment is sufficiently rich, there will be a uninterrupted and of all time richer spiral of exposure to new musical elements followed by the kid ‘s playful experimentation with these elements. † ( Suda 6 ) Music instantly teaches pupils to do abstract associations between what their fingers do and what they hear come out of their instrument.A Students can instantly get down, merely by larning a simple tune that they hear on a regular footing ( Happy Birthday, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, etc. ) , larning to organize and do these associations.A Once pupils learn to read music an wholly new kingdom of possibility is opened.A Students so get down doing associations between what they read on the piece of music, what note they are to play ( A, C # , D, Bb, etc. ) what their fingers should make to properly p lay the note ( on many instruments this may affect a determination between to feasible methods of playing the same note ) , and what the note will sound like in context.A When reading music, nevertheless, this melodious reading is accompanied by an every bit of import rhythmic reading.A A A A A A A Rhythm is highly of import to any piece of music and is an effectual tool for learning fractions and division.A Being able to split is critical to being able to read rhythms.A The basic rhythmic pulsation of a piece of music is called the beat.A You may detect a performing artist ‘s pes tapping as he plays.A Performers frequently tap their pes on each round or every other beat.A The velocity with which the beats pass is called the pacing. Throughout a work, the music will be notated with a series of specific types of notes.A Among these are whole notes, half notes, one-fourth notes, and 8th notes.A In 4/4 or â€Å" common clip, † if a note is marked with a whole note the note will be held for four beats.A If marked with a half note it will be held for half of four beats.A In order to decently read a beat a pupil must larn how to divide.A Harmonizing to a recent survey on a school, â€Å" 76 per centum of kids enrolled in the music plan performed above norm on their math ematical scrutinies † ( Edarticle.com 2 ) . This clearly makes rhythm an effectual tool for larning peculiar mathematical accomplishments. More of import than the specific accomplishments that reading music and rhythm aid to learn is the fact that public presentation of a piece of written music requires insistent and changeless exercise of these skills.A A While reading a piece of music a individual must travel through all the associations necessary to play a note that they see written and at the same time analyze the peculiar rhythmic marker and keep the note for the proper duration.A Before the note has been sounding for its full continuance, the performing artist or pupil must already be treating the following note and finding its proper rhythmic value.A A piece of music every bit simple as â€Å" Jingle Bells † will necessitate a pupil to do this association over one hundred times.A Scientists have discovered that larning to read music or play a musical instrument develops higher believing skills.A † The kid who is skilled at music excels at problem-solving, rating, and analysis.A Music reading uses the same part of the encephalon that ‘s used in mathematical thought † ( Schellenberg 4 ) .A That ‘s why so many adept instrumentalists are besides rather good in math.A Music requires changeless mental exercising that can fix the head with the ability to do split-second analyses in any state of affairs. A A A Not merely does music promote a pupil to work independently, it besides encourages pupils to join forces with others and work as portion of a team.A For most kids, athleticss squads are the lone chance to larn how to work as portion of a team.A Sports, nevertheless, are highly limited in their ability to provide different ability levels.A Sports tend to offer squads for really specific age degrees and, at each interval, there is a really limited scope of accomplishment levels.A This often consequences in the exclusion of kids who, due to their physical properties or skill degree, can non maintain gait with the rate at which other kids their age learn.A Sports, by nature, are besides highly competitive.A This competition consequences in competition non merely between squads, but between team-mates and consequences in the exclusion of kids who can non efficaciously assist their squad win.A â€Å" Music allows people of all ages and accomplishment degrees to take part and join fo rces † ( Guth 1 ) . Unlike athleticss, which is limited to athletic peoples, music is something that ensures people that no affair what their ability degree or when they began to larn about music, can bask the educational benefits that music offers.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Music may besides be used to profit pupils in the survey of History.A It is important for a pupil to hold a thorough apprehension of the societal and cultural context of a historical event if he or she is to understand it completely.A For this ground CollegeBoard has stated that the surveies of â€Å" cultural, economic, political, and societal developments and artistic look and rational discourse are the main aims of their Advanced Placement European classs † ( Collegeboard.com 1 ) .A Music is a microcosm of the society that produces it, and is, hence, reveals much about the thoughts and doctrines of a clip period.A The late seventeenth century and the mid eighteenth century were know as the â€Å" Age of Enlightenment † a clip of progressive idea and philosophy.A This is apparent in the music of the time.A Around the bend of that century came the morning of the Classical Period.A This was a clip of complex, yet subdued music.A Composers like Wolf gang Mozart and Franz Shubert composed spectacularly complex and intellectually stimulating music that reflected the meditative, subdued philosophical nature of much of European society. In short, music is intended to be a vehicle for self-expression and in a universe where so much history is left off the functionary record, music is the lone penetration we have into the elaboratenesss of society that would otherwise be lost forever.A Exposure to the music of different civilizations and even different categories or societies within a peculiar civilization shows us how the universe looked through the eyes of those who were at that place and helps us to understand the societal context of the events that we study in history category. A A A A A A A A A A A Music is besides utile in the survey of English, much in the same manner that it ‘s utile in the survey of History.A Literature and music, over the class of history, both evolve as parts of larger artistic movements.A Romanticism, Impressionism, Realism, and other artistic motions all have distinguishable features that are seeable through the scrutiny of all artistic media.A For case, Romantic authors wrote about the extremes of human emotion.A Edgar Allen Poe wrote of horror and enigma and many other authors wrote of freedom, joy, hatred, fright, and the full spectrum of human emotion.A â€Å" Music of the Romantic period explored the same full scope through the usage of complex, modulating harmoniousness and wild swings in pacing and dynamic † ( HistoryWorld 8 ) A Through the observation of music of assorted clip periods and civilizations, much can be learned about the larger artistic motions of which plants of literature were a portion. Music ‘s possible educational benefits are countless, but doing these benefits accessible to kids can show rather a challenge.A There are, nevertheless, several ways that music can be made more readily available to students.A The first and most straightforward manner to advance music instruction is to do instruments more available to pupils outside of the classroom.A Music instruction is often available through private teachers but, due to fiscal or other restraints, is frequently non a feasible option.A In the past 50 old ages, direction in the humanistic disciplines have alternately ascended and descended in their popularity, verve, and support, particularly in the K-12 classs. â€Å" Music has taken some of the biggest and more frequent cuts among the humanistic disciplines due, in great portion, to the high costs of sheet music and instrument purchase and fix. Other humanistic disciplines direction such as ocular humanistic disciplines, dance, and choir have suffered great ly from clip to clip, but music seems to hold taken the greatest hit † ( Guth 2 ) . Many of these establishments, are sustained by authorities money or the contributions of private citizens.A This greatly limits the support that is available for new extracurricular activities or the enlargement of those that are in topographic point already. A A A A A A A A A A A A Integrating music into the current instruction system would let for the sweetening of the nucleus capable affair upon which simple, in-between, and high school instruction is based.A While music ‘s utilizations as a instruction aide do it highly utile, incorporating musical analysis into the nucleus course of study would let pupils to enrich their instructions and would besides expose them to a linguistic communication that is genuinely cosmopolitan and is proven to heighten their heads ability to analyse and reason.A The usage of music in the instruction in some signifier or another will expose pupils to a sophisticated cosmopolitan art-form that is both aesthetically and practically valuable. How to cite Does Music Really Create Better Students Education Essay, Essay examples

Marker Audit Analysis †McDonalds

Executive Summary McDonald’s began with the two brothers opening a restaurant in 1940 and the only things they served at that time were hotdogs and shakes though later they came to increase their menu to 25 items.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marker Audit Analysis – McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past the company has faced some challenges which included competition from other industry players such as the King Burger, poor management, and lack of response to the changing tastes of the branches and consumers in general about their products both in the motherland and other countries where they are conducting business. For continued success of the company and increase in its market share, going global was a very important consideration. In analyzing the company the study focuses on objectives and the strategies the company needs to implement to expand its market share and retain t he current market share. The study also tries to summarize the company marketing strategy, segmentation, and targeting. Introduction The firm (McDonald’s) is among the most performing restaurants in the globe and has really improved the living standards of many. The restaurant has been making huge proceeds from the sale of their products making it a very successful venture. The restaurant was pioneered in the year 1940 by two siblings (Mac and Dick McDonald) in California. Initially, they owned a hotdog stand, and later they increased to around 25 items, little did they know that one day what they were making could become one of the leading restaurants in the world touching the lives of both the old and the young everyday (Anon, Pg 1). The restaurant grew immensely acquiring huge business expansion strategies. Then in 1954, Ray Kroc a distributor of milk shake maker headed west on hearing of the mc Donald’s brothers, he gave them the idea of opening up several restaura nts to the Mc Brothers to sell 8 of his multimixers to each and everyone (Rangnekar 1). Mission The company’s mission is complete commitment to quality, service, cleanliness and value. with their global strategy being to be a customer driven, goal oriented, and achieving sustainable growth and designed to increase restaurant visits and grow brand loyalty among new and existing customers (Rangnekar 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market Objectives In marketing the company has simplified its marketing objectives and has elaborated them through the seven Ps of marketing Product The company products are standards in all franchises however the company adjusts according to the culture of the different countries they seek to penetrate. For example in India they offered vegetarian burgers since their culture does not believe in eating beef. In other places of the Asian c ontinent their love for spicy tastes saw the introduction of spicy burgers, chicken, and seasoning. This provides options for all tastes thus they are able to reach larger number of customers (Yousaf 9). Price Their products differ in the different branches they have due to the difference in the expenses incurred and their geographical locations. The main company’s objective when determining the price is the product profitability and consumers affordability. Placing And Distribution This is mainly influenced by the consumer population demanding their products, and income trends among other factors. This objective aims at distributing the company products according to how it is demanded. For example it would be irresponsible of the company to open a branch and distribute its burgers to a war torn country like Somalia where bombings take place any time. Promotion The company promotions are made internationally and locally by the mother company. The aims of their promotion are t o attract new user into their products thereby increasing their market share. The promotion has really boosted the company’s sales thus ensuring steady growth. People The main aspects of this objective are about the service personnel (those who are employed by the company and the customers who buy the company products). The company has been keen to create a favorable environment for business and to promote the service aspects of their products. The staff stands by the customer i.e. here the client is always right. This approach is very adorable as the friendly environment created between the customers and the company staff ensures that the market share remains secure.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marker Audit Analysis – McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process The process involved in the delivery of the company products and it is advisable to find ways in which the service provision c an be made better. The quality control standards and the extent of customer contact. The last P which the company considers in its objectives is the physical evidence. This is how the customer judges and evaluates the company products from those of their competitors. It entails understanding how the customers feel about certain products and involves both the tangible and intangible aspect of the product. Which characteristic or quality the customer judges to be better than the other (Anon 4). Financial Objectives A company financial objective is always based on the marketing objectives which the company seeks to fulfill. One of the company short term objectives is that the company intends to cut its capital expenditure. The company’s short term objectives will be cutting its capital expenditures and the extra money saved be used to pay the shareholders by repurchasing the shares and paying more dividends while the company long term objectives were to increase annual growth sa les and increase the operational capital of the company. Target Markets For a company to reach its customers and satisfy their needs, a company always divides its market pool according to the various targets existing. There are three considerations in target marketing that the company considers and they are market segmentation, market targeting and market positioning. To reach the target markets, the company has divided its market into segments. This procedure entails categorizing broad (product) markets and dividing them to decide on target markets and build up the theoretical market mixes. A key objective of marketing is always to satisfy the needs of specific group within the market pool. Ideally a good market segment should meet the following criteria:Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Homogenous: the customers within a similar market segment should have as similar tastes as possible with respect to their marketing mix. Heterogeneous: clients respond differently to the market situation. Substantial: investing in any marketing segment should be profitable thus the segment should be big enough to make some positive results Any market segment should be finally operational in that the dimensions should be useful for identifying customers and deciding their mixes. The trait which aids in dividing the market (segmentation) includes age, income location, and family size. Ways of developing market oriented strategies for McDonalds should either: Single target market approach: this involves segmenting the market and then picking the homogenous segment which seems profitable. Multiple target market approach entails dividing the market and making a choice of more than one segment thereby treating each division as a diverse (market) target that requires varied marketing mix. Consequently, the organization can employ the joint (target) market strategy, which joins more than one submarkets. Of late the firm has been targeted on obtaining social responsibilities thus generating vigorous marketing campaigns geared towards on a lifestyle that is healthier and fit. The campaigns are as well meant to make a distinction among the many target clients. As Weinheimer (1) asserts the organization is employing (psychographic) segmentation and social responsibility in attaining its marketing objectives. McDonalds are also in the verge of finding new markets in Africa and Asia as noted by Smith (1). The company has 1000 branches in China and intends to build another 1000 branches within the next 4 years this is due to the growing market of their products in China. India and South Africa were also indicated as other countries having critical masses that can attract Oakbrook a branch of McDonalds to invest there. Thus, opening new branches in the places with the suitabl e markets is another way of reaching unexploited markets. The changing age structure in Australia is another course for McDonald to change their market orientations. Like many nations of the world, birth rates in the region has gone down with the number of dependants (the aged) swelling by the day. This implies that other market territories need be sought since market is declining in this region. The final target marketing stage is coming up with a market mix which is essentially a set of (controllable) marketing variables that the firm blends to yield the reaction it would wish for from the particular target markets. Different market segments require different market mixes since they have different tastes and preferences due to the variation of age, gender, and even demographic locations. Positioning For a long period of time McDonalds have been the market leaders in America and through out the world and though there has been competition from other companies such as the Hungry Jack , the company has all along succeeded in keeping its competitors at bay. To achieve that fete the company has been doing the following: Execution In order to reach the target market the company will improve customer experience world wide, offer the consumer greater varieties of their products and maintain a good quality of their products. For example, the company has been too innovative in their production process with the recent installation of EFTPOS machines. This has enabled the firm manage differentiating itself from the market rivals. This among other processes is viewed as convenient and makes the product consumption easier. To retain its world wide customers the company has devised other strategies for example when they offered 2 dollars burger to its customers its competitors did nothing to counter that move. This shows that as the largest industry players the company receives revenues which allow it to have these special offers. Expansion The company intends to add to thei r already established McDonald branches, stretch its customers’ perception about the brand and then promote their brands. With the company intention of opening more branches around the world as already being experienced in China, this will position the company as the market in the fast food industry with the other competitors having to copy McDonald in order to expand their markets also. Strategy Summary We can summarize the company strategy by indicating that the company is fully determined to capture more customers by offering its customers convenience, variety and value in its products. The offer of the two dollar burger is such an example that the company intends to retain and even expand its market share both at the present moment and in future. The strategy of using low priced menus is another way which intends to increase the number of customer visits to their restaurants all over the world as they will be affordable to many. The company also intends to increase their branches to reputable sites offering conveniences to customers and profitable to them and invest deeply in such places. To increase their products awareness has been another publicized strategy for example as many people become health sensitive the company has been using sports personality such as the William sisters to show if you eat the burgers and still do the excises you can still remain fit and not be obese or have any sort of healthy disorder. Another strategy has been to teach their personnel of being courteous and understanding to its customers and also offering them reasonable wages to avoid complains or even strikes which can tarnish the image of the company (Payne 17). As the company strategize on how to expand more and more globally it is best to note that cultural forces influence markets. For example, in India they have introduced the burgers suitable for the vegetarians and also the chicken burgers for those who do not eat beef burgers. Conclusion The firm is among t he most performing restaurants in the globe and has really improved the living standards of many. The restaurant has been making huge proceeds from the sale of their products making it a very successful venture. The idea of starting this business was initiated by two brothers (Mac and Dick) in the year 1940. Initially, they owned a hotdog stand, and later they increased to around 25 items, little did they know that one day what they were making could become one of the leading restaurants in the world touching the lives of both the old and the young everyday (Anon 1). As the company strives to increase its market shares, it has experienced several changes both positive and negative which have helped it in pursuance of greater achievements throughout the world. What is positive to note is that whenever the company has been faced by any challenge, the situation creates an opportunity to improve and prove to its customers that it can adapt to their needs. The introduction of the broad m arket strategy made of the 7Ps has been a success and will continue to be a success as the company strives to provide for its customers. As the market becomes diverse so has consumer tastes and preferences changed and thus the company is aiming at producing what the customers need and this is a positive response from the company. We can also conclude that the segmentation based on demographic variables with most of the segments targets broken-down into age and lifestyle stage will prove to be a success to the company’s expansion through out the globe. Works Cited Anon. History of McDonald’s.  Web. Payne, T. The strategic management process. 2007. Web. Rangenekar, A. Mc Donalds India launch. 2007. Web. Smith, N. McDonald’s Targets Emerging Markets with Restaurants in Africa, India. 2010. Web. Weinheimer, B. McDonald’s Segmentation Shift. 2005. Web. Yousaf, R. International marketing strategy for a company. Web. This report on Marker Audit Analysis – McDonalds was written and submitted by user Zion Mcguire to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ten tips for perfect punctuation - Emphasis

Ten tips for perfect punctuation Ten tips for perfect punctuation More people are unsure of their punctuation than would ever care to admit it. Use our quick guide to make sure youre not one of them. Never use its with an apostrophe unless it means it is or it has – its amazing how many people use it wrongly. Beware also the greengrocers apostrophe (peas, carrots) when forming plurals. Apostrophes should usually only be used to show possession or omission. The exception is to avoid confusion when forming plurals of letters (eg As, which looks like As if you leave out the apostrophe). Some people object to using and or but at the beginning of sentences. But this probably has more to do with lingering fears of that scary old English teacher you had years ago than any real grammatical rule. And thats all there is to it. If you dont believe us, look again at a Shakespeare play – or even a well-respected business magazine such as The Economist. Semi-colons (;) can replace and or but. They denote a pause thats longer than a comma but shorter than a full stop (or period). Think of them as super commas if it helps. Dont overuse them, though (see below). Colons can replace so, therefore and because. The full stop (period) is the readers best friend – and it could be yours. It shortens sentences, making them easier to read. And it can get you out of a pickle when youre trying to find a clever way of saying two or three things in the same sentence: just use two or three sentences instead. Use semi-colons, brackets and dashes sparingly, as theyre stylistically heavy. If in doubt, split the sentence. If you put additional information in a sentence, like this, remember to use commas or dashes either side of the information. Its hard for the reader if theyre left out. Using all capitals on headings is hard on the eye, as it removes the all-important shape from words. (We use shape to recognise words more than you may realise.) So use initial capitals only. Too many exclamations are irritating!

Sonoma State University Admissions Information

Sonoma State University Admissions Information Accepted students at Sonoma State University generally have C averages or better in their high school coursework. Applicants will need to submit, along with high school transcripts, scores from the SAT or ACT. With an acceptance rate of 76  percent, the school is largely accessible, and applicants with solid grades and test scores within or above the ranges posted below have a good chance of being accepted. Be sure to visit Sonoma States website for more information, and to start an application. Calculate your chances of getting in  with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Sonoma State University Acceptance Rate: 76  percentSonoma State GPA, SAT and ACT Score GraphTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 440 / 540SAT Math: 440 / 540​What these SAT numbers meanCompare Cal State SAT ScoresACT Composite: 19  / 24ACT English: 18 / 24ACT Math: 18  / 24What these ACT numbers meanCompare Cal State ACT Scores Sonoma State Description Sonoma State Universitys 269-acre campus is located 50 miles north of San Francisco in some of Californias best wine country. The school owns two nature preserves that provide research opportunities for students in the natural sciences. Sonoma States schools of Arts and Humanities, Business and Economics, and Social Sciences are all extremely popular among undergraduates. The university offers 45 bachelors degree programs and 16 masters programs. In athletics, the Sonoma State Seawolves compete in the NCAA Division II  California Collegiate Athletic Association. Sonoma State is one of the  23 Cal State schools. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 9,323  (8,631 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 37  percent male / 63 percent female90 percent full-time Costs (2016 -17) Tuition and Fees: $7,388 (in-state); $18,548 (out-of-state)Books: $1,790 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,146Other Expenses: $2,854Total Cost: $25,178 (in-state); $36,338 (out-of-state) Sonoma State Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 72  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 62 percentLoans: 46  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,430Loans: $5,717 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice Studies, English, Environmental Studies, Health and Physical Education, History, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Psychology, Sociology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80  percentTransfer Out Rate: 6 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 28 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 61  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Basketball, Golf, Baseball, Tennis, SoccerWomens Sports:  Basketball, Softball, Soccer, Golf, Volleyball, Water Polo, Track and Field Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield  | Channel Islands  | Chico  | Dominquez Hills  | East Bay  | Fresno State  | Fullerton  | Humboldt  | Long Beach  | Los Angeles  | Maritime  | Monterey Bay  | Northridge  | Pomona (Cal Poly)  | Sacramento  | San Bernardino  | San Diego  | San Francisco  | San Jose State  | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)  | San Marcos  | Sonoma State  | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

D - Essay Example "In today's business, the workforce comprises of people who are diverse in their nationality, religion, caste, race, age, education and even socioeconomic status. They are all expected to work together as a team towards the success of the organization. "(How to resolve ethical dilemmas in business). When there is diversity, people are sure to have different mind sets but this does not mean that the business they are involving themselves in shouldn't follow the ethics. Ethics are very important these days and no company can survive without following ethics, profit making is another thing but profit making and abiding by the ethical responsibility is a completely different thing. I am very eager to learn about developing an effective ethical program in order to learn how to do business and how to simultaneously abide by ethics. Doing so ensures the complete progress of the business. Ethics are like moral values and if a business loses morals, profit making would be of very little use. There are several ethical issues like discrimination, racism etc at the workplace.

Should Polygyamy be against the Law Research Paper

Should Polygyamy be against the Law - Research Paper Example This paper explores the legality of polygamy marriages, and whether the practice, should be tolerated in the society. History of Polygamy in the American society Gibson (2006) avers polygamy practices have formed a significant part of the American culture for almost three centuries. The practice is believed to have started among the ancient participants of the Church, which at the time was being led by Joseph Smith, who helped found the ministry in the early 1800s. Historians consider that Church adherents started polygamy around 1835 (Bradley, Saunders & William, 2005. The practice was initially shrouded in secrecy, before it became widespread in the society immediately after. Decades after the killing of Smith in late 1880s, the second in command of the ministry, Brigham Young, started speaking publicly about the practice during the mid-1850s. Nevertheless, participation was technically restricted by strong cultural norms, with less than a fifth of the church adherents engaging in the practice during its climax years of the 1850s (Ross, 2011). In early 1862, Congress ratified the initial of several legislations systematically geared at bringing to an end the trend by outlawing polygamy. These developments dealt the church a major financial blow, and even denying women of their voting rights in Utah. Almost two decades later, an adherent of the ministry challenged the legality of anti-polygamy legislations on religious justifications; however, the Supreme Court maintained that the unconstitutionality of polygamy was beyond doubt, and that the various government agencies could work to limit religious rights and privileges of the adherents. The congressional decrees were largely effective in terminating polygamy. This forced the Church to abandon the clamor for polygamy practices on September 25, 1890. At the same time, Church President Wilford Woodruff made public a formal statement referred to as â€Å"the Manifesto† (Bradley, Saunders & William, 2005). In 1894, Congress approved the Utah Enabling Act, which allowed Utah to begin processes aimed at acquiring the position of statehood, based upon the government constitution providing for an irrevocable decree outlawing polygamy. United States Congress approved Utah statehood two years later, a development that led to the implementation of the state constitution, which permanently outlawed polygamy practices within its jurisdiction. Additionally, polygamy was also classified as a crime by decree. After â€Å"the Manifesto,† was made public, the religious group stopped polygamy practices and started to detach polygamists from its flock. Eventually, religious factions resented the new development leading to the formation of â€Å"Fundamentalists† groups (Groleau, 2008). Bradley, Saunders and William (2005) indicate fundamentalists backed away to remote communities in an attempt to shun what they believed to be mass maltreatment. Since then, the state authorities have car ried out episodic mass apprehending and questionings on communities practicing polygamy. For instance, mass apprehending was implemented in 1935, and during the end of World War II. Arizona on its part carried out the largest crackdown yet on the community in 1953 (Cole, 2011). Although, the infamous Short Creek Raid led to the apprehending and arraignment

First Generation Of Romantic Poets English Literature Essay

First Generation Of Romantic Poets English Literature Essay The Romantic Period encompassed poetic characteristics and visions completely different that anything seen before, rebelling and breaking away from the conservative style of Neoclassicism that preceded it. The first generation of Romantic poets mainly consisted of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Blake. Characteristics of the period such as mysticism are seen and expressed in their poems. It isnt possible to place a definite date on the start and end of the Romantic Period as there are several conflicting opinions. Generally, it is regarded that the period began in 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by the forefathers of Romanticism; Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Some scholars argue that it began as early as 1789 with Songs of Innocence by William Blake. In terms of its ending, some believe it ended with the start of the Victorian Era in 1837, although some say it died off by 1830. For the purpose of this essay, the consensus is that the period began in 1798 and ended in 1830. With a timeframe established, it is critical to look at historical events of the time as they played a major role in influencing the thoughts and styles of the Romantic poets. The Romantics were on the brink of the Industrial Revolution which was seen as a negative, horrendous thing. The poets emphasized on the importance of nature in life and society, seeing big, smoke expelling factories as monstrous and completely unnatural. They feared that society would become corrupted and evil as it lost contact with nature and further integrated to an industrialized life. The other main influence they had was the French Revolution which helps explain where some of the new ideologies and feelings came from. There was little to no expression of free speech in France and poverty was widespread. Resources were not distributed appropriately as the nobles lived in great luxury while lower classes starved. Naturally, the romantics supported the revolution hoping for social and political change and i mprovement in France. Later on, with Napoleons rule and aggressive conquests they turned against the French movement but kept and embraced the spirit of revolution. The revolution and their fear of being invaded made them truly appreciate what they had. Nature was turned to to escape from the real world and its predicaments; it was a heavenly gateway to peace of mind. Nature then became one of the most commonly used and important themes, references and characteristics in romantic poetry as it came to symbolize Gods pure creation of grace. The most important Romantic poets can be classified into two groups, the first generation and the second generation. The first generation of poets that created the basis for the later ones included were Samuel Coleridge (1772-1834), William Blake (1757-1827) and William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Charles Lamb (1775-1834), Jane Austen (17751817), and Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). Charles Lamb is most famous for his poem The Old Familiar Faces and his essay Essays of Elia. At one point he was mentally ill and spent some time in a psychiatric hospital. His sister went insane and stabbed their mother to death, greatly affecting his writing for a long time and forcing him to take care of her. Jane Austen is most commonly known for her novels Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. Her novels were not accepted very well and didnt bring her much fame while she was alive, but now she has been accepted as one of the best authors of the English language. Northanger Abby was published once s he had passed away and sold excellently for a year. Sir Walter Scott is known for his poems like The Lady of The Lake and his ballads. He focused and showed an interest for Scottish history in his works. Scott was read all around the world during his time including readers in parts of Europe and North America. The most important second generation poets included Lord Byron (1788-1824), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and John Keats (1795-1821). All three produced important literary works despite that they died so young at the ages of 36, 30 and 26, respectively. Keats was the most famous of the three, praised for his collection of odes including Ode to a Nightingale. Like Austen, Keats was not widely recognized during his lifetime and then his works picked up popularity after he passed away. Shelley was a master of poetry who wrote Queen Mab as well as the dramatic plays The Cenci and Prometheus Unbound. He married the writer Mary Shelley who wrote the extremely famous novel Frankenstein and also helped edit and revise his works. Among Lord Byrons most popular poems are She Walks in Beauty and Don Juan. Lord Byron was somewhat of a wild man, getting involved in several romantic affairs and large debts. He fought for the Greeks in the Greek War of Independence which made him be seen as a n ational hero by them. Eventually he died from a terrible fever.

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas- Critical Analysis

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by Alethea Chong (Ally) ~ Critical Analysis ~ The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a novel that was written by John Boyne. It was first published in 2006. John Boyne was born in Ireland 1971 and is the author of six novels. His novels were published in over 30 languages. Because people were inspired by The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, it has now been made into a featured film. The story The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas revolves around the friendship between a 9 year old German boy and a Jewish boy who is in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp.Bruno the German boy is at Auschwitz because his father is the Commandant of the camp. This story shows Bruno’s innocence and the friendship between him and Shmuel. It also reveals the brutality of the Germans to the Jews in World War II. There are many themes that runs through the story of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. I have chosen friendship brutality and fear as the themes I will discuss. Friendship is the most important among the three major themes.An example of the friendship between Bruno and Shmuel was shown by Bruno when he shared his food with Shmuel when he was hungry. Another example was when they played together and confided in each other. Thus a bond of friendship was developed. My final example of friendship was when Bruno helped Shmuel look for his Papa. Bruno had helped a friend in need. However, they did not succeed in finding Shmuel’s father. Both boys tragically ended their short lives in the gas chambers. Brutality is also one of the important themes in the novel.This is clearly defined when Lieutenant Kotler has beaten Pavel up just because he had spilled some wine on the Lieutenant. Also, an example of brutality would be when Lieutenant Kotler hits Shmuel as he was unfairly accused of stealing food.. This is very brutal as no one should ever abuse a child even if they are Jewish. The last exampled of brutality is the way the Germans treat the Jews. They locked th em up in death camps and concentration camps. The German were very brutal, they show no compassion or mercy to the Jews.The last theme that I believe is important is fear. An example of fear was shown by Pavel. He was afraid to disrespect the Lieutenant as he was easily provoked and might do something unpleasant to Pavel. Lieutenant Kotler was also feared by Bruno and Shmuel. They had to be very careful with everything they said to him. They would be in deep trouble if Lieutenant Kotler found out the truth about their friendship. The final example of fear is how afraid the whole world is of the Nazis because they were very powerful. No one dared go against the Nazis.In conclusion, I believe that this is an excellent and remarkable story. It shows how powerful friendship really is. It also demonstrates how brutal human behavior can be. Although the story’s ending was melancholy, there was always hope, friendship and love. I truly enjoyed this story, I learned something about h istory in a way that made me feel and sympathize for the innocent lives which were lost. The author did a terrific job by making the characters so realistic and interesting. The ending was very surprising and devastating.

History Papers for Sale Can Be Fun for Everyone

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Assassination Attempt on Mussolini

At 10:58 a.m. on April 7, 1926, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini  was heading back to his car after having just given a speech in Rome to the International Congress of Surgeons when a bullet nearly ended his life. Irish aristocrat Violet Gibson shot at Mussolini, but because he turned his head at the last moment, the bullet went through Mussolinis nose instead of his head. Gibson was caught immediately but never explained why she wanted to assassinate Mussolini. Assuming she was insane at the time of the shooting, Mussolini let Gibson go back to Great Britain, where she spent the rest of her life in a sanatorium.   The Assassination Attempt In 1926, Benito Mussolini had been the prime minister of Italy for four years and his schedule, like every countrys leader, was full and hectic. Having already met with Duke dAosta at 9:30 a.m. on April 7, 1926, Mussolini was driven to the capitol building in Rome to speak at the Seventh International Congress of Surgeons.   After Mussolini finished his speech praising modern medicine, he walked outside toward his car, a black Lancia, that was waiting to whisk Mussolini away. In the large crowd that had been waiting outside the capitol building for Mussolini to emerge, no one paid any attention to 50-year-old Violet Gibson. Gibson was easy to dismiss as a threat for she was small and thin, wore a worn black dress, had long, gray hair that was loosely pinned up, and gave off the general air of being disheveled. As Gibson stood outside near a lamppost, no one realized that she was both mentally unstable and carried a Lebel revolver in her pocket. Gibson had a prime spot. As Mussolini headed to his car, he got within just a foot of Gibson. She raised her revolver and pointed it at Mussolinis head. She then fired at near point-blank range. At nearly that exact time, a student band started playing Giovinezza, the National Fascist Partys official hymn. Once the song started, Mussolini turned to face the flag and snapped to attention, bringing his head back just enough for the bullet fired by Gibson to nearly miss him. A Bleeding Nose Rather than passing into Mussolinis head, the bullet passed through part of Mussolinis nose, leaving burn marks on both of his cheeks. Although onlookers and his staff were worried that the wound could be serious, it was not. Within minutes, Mussolini reappeared, wearing a large bandage over his nose. Mussolini was most surprised that it was a woman who had tried to kill him. Just after the attack, Mussolini murmured, A woman! Fancy, a woman! What Happened to Victoria Gibson? After the shooting, Gibson was grabbed by the crowd, pummeled, and nearly lynched on the spot. Policemen, however, were able to save her and bring her in for questioning. No real motive for the shooting was discovered and it is believed that she was insane when she attempted the assassination. Interestingly, rather than having Gibson killed, Mussolini had her deported back to Britain, where she spent her remaining years in a mental asylum. * Benito Mussolini as quoted in ITALY: Mussolini Trionfante TIME Apr. 19, 1926. Retrieved on March 23, 2010. Source http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,729144-1,00.html

The Great Divide By John Woolf And Forster s Howard s...

Nashandra M. Jolley ENG 4425 Ross 11 November, 2015 The Great Divide There were several prevailing thoughts towards connections present during the time in England on the cusp of High Modernism. The importance of connections with others was one that was specifically addressed in much of the literature. E.M. Forster even highlighted the idea in his novel â€Å"Howard’s End† with the epigraph â€Å"only connect†. The idea supports the notion that, in order for a society to survive and thrive, some degree of connection must be adequately maintained. Yet, through the stratification of social classes in England at the time, there was little social connection being preserved. To address the issue, authors like Virginia Woolf and Forster included connection as a prominent theme in their works. Both Woolf’s â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† and Forster’s â€Å"Howard’s End† address connection through their characters as well as geographical locations. In each of these stories, the underlying theme of connecting highli ghts the characters’ struggles to â€Å"only connect†. It would seem as if Forster is urging connection by illustrating that, without some degree of connecting, social classes would remain stratified and society would fall into utter ruin. Through the intermingling of characters in â€Å"Howard’s End†, Forster suggests that connecting in such a way is progress. He further advocates and suggests that progress should be presented as a positive thing, and, in order for a society to flourish, connections between the

Pakistan Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects Free Essays

string(207) " agenda was that macroeconomic stability will remain short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove microeconomic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance\." Most of the news emanating about Pakistan in the Western media relate to terrorism, bomb blasts, Islamic fundamentalism, nuclear non proliferation, military rule etc. Seldom does one see a positive story appearing about Pakistan’s remarkable economic turnaround. But the fact of the matter is that despite such negative image Pakistan is one of the favored destinations for foreign direct investment. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan: Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foreign direct investment flows have surged by 95 percent during July – February 2007 and are expected to touch $ 5 billion or 3. percent of GDP – several times higher than FDI flows to our large neighbor in relative terms. Pakistan’s international bond issues and equity floatations through GDRs have been consistently oversubscribed and are priced at fine margins. Standard Chartered Bank has made acquisition of a domestic private bank for around half a billion dollars. China Mobile – the largest mobile company in terms of subscriber base – has bought out majority shareholding in one of the local cellular phone companies for over $ 400 millions. Philip and Morris has entered into an agreement to purchase 50. 2 percent shares of the second largest Cigarettes Manufacturing Company of Pakistan for US 339 million. A number of other similar mergers and acquisitions are in the pipeline. 2. What is that inspite of such adverse publicity, perceived security risk and travel advisories the global investors, fund managers and international financial institutions from the United States, Europe, East Asia and Middle East all look upon Pakistan favorably and show such tremendous amount of confidence in the economy. Sophisticated investors from all over the world are willing to purchase billion of dollars of sovereign paper issued by Pakistan for 30 year duration. There must be something right the country ought to be doing which fails to reach the radar screen of the popular and highly influential western media. 3. As an international development economist I can venture a number of reasons for this apparently highly paradoxical situation. First of all, Pakistan is a country of 160 million people which is growing at an average growth rate of 6-7 percent for the last five years. Thirty million Pakistanis earning $ 10,000 – $ 15,000 (PPP terms) constitute a large and solid market for purchase of goods and services of all kinds. There are very few markets except China, India and Indonesia that are underpinned by the size and scale that the fast growing Pakistani middle class offers. Projections show that if the current growth A paper presented at the IPRI-RUSI Conference on â€Å"Pakistan: Strategic Challenges Prospects† At Royal United Service Institute London on April, 17 2007 ates are attained for the next ten years, Pakistan’s per capita income will double in real terms by 2020. At that time the size of the middle class will rise to 50 million enjoying purchasing power incomes of average $ 30,000 – equivalent to those of some of the European countries today. Goldman Sachs has placed Pakistan in the next eleven category of largest economies among developing countries for its long term projection. The requirements of energy, infr astructure, goods and services of these 50 million will have to be met at world class standards. Multinational firms and holders of capital with excess liquidity, eyeing these prospects in emerging countries and feeling saturation in advanced economies, are rethinking their strategies and repositioning themselves. Pakistan along with other Asian countries is one of the beneficiaries of this strategy. The changing demographics of a youthful population and labor force in Pakistan staring against the stark reality of ageing population in Europe, Japan, and US and after a while China reinforce these promising prospects for the future. Of course, none of this will be either automatic or easy and good policies, good governance and good luck will be needed to realize this scenario. 4. Second, the economic performance in terms of macroeconomic stability, growth, poverty reduction and employment generation has been stellar. Economic growth rates have risen from 1. 8 percent in 2000/01 gradually to average 6 -7 percent a year in the last four years making Pakistan one of the fastest growing economy in the Asia region. For Pakistan these rates are not spectacular but a reversion to mean. The average growth rate of GDP ver 50 year period of Pakistan has been 5. 2 percent per annum. Manufacturing sector output growth was over 15 percent, exports have doubled in US dollar terms in these five years, and an open trade regime has allowed imports from all over the world to triple. Tax revenues have risen by 14 percent a year reducing fiscal deficit which used to average 7 percent a year in the 1990s to average 4 percent. Current account turned around from chronic deficit to a surplus for three successive years mainly due to renewed export growth and resurgence of workers’ remittances. Although it has become negative since 2005/06 due to phenomenonal growth in imports of machinery and equipment and increase in world oil prices it is being fully financed by foreign capital flows. Inflation rate during the first four years of the current government remained below 4 percent but oil price pass through and food shortages have led to 8 percent on average since 2004-05. External debt burden has been halved from 52% to 26% of GDP and is projected to be on a declining path. The country’s capacity to service its debt has considerably improved as debt servicing ratio which used to preempt almost 60 percent of public revenues is now down to 28 percent. Poverty incidence has fallen from 34 percent to 24 percent and unemployment rate is down to 6. 5 percent from 8. 4 percent. These movements are in the right direction but they are not acceptable as one in every fourth Pakistani is still living below the poverty line. Table-I summarizes the changes in the key economic indicators between October 1999 and June 2006. 5. Third, the basic premise of policy reform agenda was that macroeconomic stability will remain short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove microeconomic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance. You read "Pakistan: Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects" in category "Papers" Pakistan has successfully implemented the first generation of structural reforms that have made the economy more efficient and resilient to face unanticipated exogenous shocks. The main thrust of these reforms was to allow greater freedom to the private sector to own, produce, distribute and trade goods and services while gradually withdrawing the public sector from this arena. The promotion of public private partnership in large infrastructure projects as a policy initiative is likely to overcome some of the problems that are inherent in private infrastructure projects at the same time easing the financing constraints faced by the public sector. The role of the state in Pakistan has been redefined as a facilitator, enabler, protecter and regulator rather than directly managing and presiding over the commanding heights of the economy. Government intervention is justified for social protection of the poor, provision of public goods or when there is a clear case of market failure i. externalities, imperfect market structure etc. 6. Fourth, Pakistan occupies a key strategic location that links India with Iran, Afghanistan and the Central Asian States, provides access to sea for land locked countries of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Western China, acts as the energy and transit corridor and opens up to the oil rich Gulf States next door. This strategic location alongwith the completed and new investments in ports, highways, pipelines, etc. will throw up vast new opportunities that can be highly attractive. Risk-return relationship in these projects is highly favorable and a number of foreign firms are keen to take the first mover advantage by locating their investment particularly in Gawadar port area. 7. Leaving aside the current situation that I have described I would like to address two important questions this afternoon that agitate the minds of all potential investors and businessmen – domestic or foreign in respect to Pakistan. First whether the stability and growth that have so far been achieved will prove to be transitory in nature or will be sustained over time. Second, a question that has attracted a lot of attention is whether the September 11,2001 events have much to do with the economic turn around of Pakistan or whether the changes are more fundamental. To examine these two questions we have to look at the strength of economic policies, depth of structural reforms and the quality of economic governance. Before addressing these two questions let me make two broader points to set the context for our subsequent discussion. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROWTH . It should be reiterated that widespread economic reforms in Pakistan were initiated in 1991 by the Nawaz Sharif Government, continued under the Benazir Bhutto Government and further intensified and implemented under the Musharraf Government. Thus there should be no doubt in any body’s mind that the major direction of economic policies being pursued in Pakistan presently enjoys wide political consensus and support among all the leading political parties of Pakistan. The underlying philosophy that the Government should not be in the business of running businesses but regulating the markets and laying down the enabling policy framework has been demonstrably practised by all the successive governments in the past. Deregulation, liberalization, privatization and private sector – led development have been consistently followed for the last 16 years, and there is very little doubt in my mind, that these will remain the pillars of future economic policy in Pakistan irrespective of which political party assumes power. Of course, there will be differences in approaches, tactics and nuances, episodes of point scoring, distancing from the specific transactions of the previous governments, coming up with new modalities but the substance and thrust of economic policies will remain the same and transcend partisan politics. 9. The second important point that should be kept in mind is that Pakistan has a long, uninterrupted history of an open, non-discriminatory and liberal foreign investment regime. The Government of Mr. Z. A. Bhutto in early 1970s nationalized domestic manufacturing industry, banks and insurance companies but did not touch foreign investment. Not only that the risks of expropriation and transfer are almost zero the level playing field that is afforded to foreign investors is unparalleled in developing world. This is a deliberate policy measure as Pakistan is squeezed between two economic giants – China and India – and we cannot afford to keep the same bar on the entry of foreign investors as our great neighbors have placed. We have to be much more accommodating and keep the door wide open to allow foreign investors to help our economy by bringing in capital, managerial skills, transfer of technology and integration into global markets. This policy of liberal foreign investment regime is solidly grounded in the political ethos and economic imperatives of Pakistan. 10. Now let me take up as to how a combination of strong economic policies, structural reforms economic governance and good luck has changed the economic landscape of Pakistan in many fundamental ways. Strength of economic policies 11. The bane of Pakistan’s economic problems stemmed from fiscal indiscipline over a decade that plunged Pakistan into a debt trap. This root cause had therefore to be surgically removed so that the likelihood of its further recurrence in the future is minimized A Fiscal Responsibility Law has been approved by the Parliament, which keeps a lid on the future governments’ propensity to borrow their way out. Debt / GDP ratio has to be reduced by 2. 5 percentage points each year and the Debt/ GDP ratio cannot exceed 60 percent. Any deviation has to be explained to the Parliament and need its approval. This law will hopefully act as a major restraint on fiscal recklessness in the future. 12. Monetary policy is now operated by an independent central bank keeping the objective of price stability, financial stability and growth in mind. Although it involves a fine balancing act and inflationary pressures have surfaced during the last two years the Central Bank is committed to pursue a monetary policy that keeps inflation under control. Indirect market- based policy instruments have replaced credit ceilings, caps on deposit and lending rates, preferential treatment to government and directed credit to priority sectors. Interest rates and exchange rates are market determined and credit allocation decisions are made by the individual banks based on objective criteria but guided by prudential regulations. 13. External debt management policy was focused on (a) reprofiling of the stock of official bilateral debt, (b) substituting concessional loans for non-concessional from international financial institutions, (c) pre-paying expensive loans and (d) liquidating short term liabilities. Debt ratio has thus been reduced from 100 percent of GDP to 56 percent in five years time. This restructuring of debt has put Pakistan on a firm footing as the debt and debt servicing ratios are on a declining path. This has provided scope and enlarged the capacity of the country to meet all its future foreign exchange liabilities and obligations without much difficulty. Credit worthiness indicators have all improved and Pakistan is no longer that vulnerable to external shocks as it was in 1998 at the time of the nuclear tests. 14. Trade policy in Pakistan has been categorized by the World Bank as one of the least restrictive in South Asia along with Sri Lanka and this policy has gradually provided incentives to exporters to increase their market share in the global markets. Exchange rate policy is pursued to maintain stability in the foreign exchange markets while at the same time keeping the competitiveness of Pakistani exports intact. Large accumulation of foreign reserves played an important role in stabilizing the exchange rate and cushioning the economy from the adverse and abrupt exogenous disturbances. One of the tests that the country successfully met in the last two years was to absorb the oil price hike from $ 25/ barrel to $ 75/ barrel without any serious dislocation of economic activity or any loss of foreign reserves. Five years ago if this escalation had happened the exchange rate would have tumbled and inflation rate would have hit double digits. 15. Pakistan has also made significant efforts in unilaterally liberalizing its trade regime since the 1990s. The maximum tariff rate has declined from 225 percent in 1990-1 to 25 percent; the average tariff rate stands at just 9 percent compared to 65 percent a decade ago. The number of duty slabs has also been reduced to four. Quantitative import restrictions have been eliminated except those relating to security, health, public morals, religious and cultural concerns. The statutory orders that exempted certain industries from import duties or provided selective concessions to privileged individual firms have been phased out and import duties on 4,000 items were reduced. Protection to domestic industry is no longer a policy objective and a uniform, across – the board, transparent regulatory regime with level playing field has been put in place. These measures have brought down effective rate of protection, eliminated the anti-export bias and promoted competitive and efficient industries. A number of laws have also been promulgated to bring the trade regime in conformity with World Trade Organization regulations. These include anti-dumping and countervailing measures and protection of intellectual property rights. This unilateral opening up to global trade has benefited the domestic firms in improving their efficiency and making themselves competitive. STRUCTURAL REFORMS 16. It was realized by the policy makers that stability will remain elusive and short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove micro economic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance. Concurrently with the debt restructuring, the country embarked on the fiscal policy reforms and consolidation by raising tax revenues, reducing expenditures, cutting down subsidies of all kinds and containing the losses of public enterprises. Tax reforms were undertaken to widen tax base, remove direct contact between tax payers and tax collectors, introduce value-added tax as the major source of revenue, simplify tax administration and strengthen the capacity of the Central Board of Revenue. Although these reforms are still underway, the adoption of universal self assessment followed by random audit of selected tax returns, automation and reorganization of the tax machinery have begun to help improve tax collection. Tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan is lower in comparison to other developing countries and has to be raised in the next five years to reach the average level of comparator countries. 17. As one of the sources of fiscal problems was the losses and inefficiencies of public enterprises the Musharraf Government actively pursued an aggressive privatization plan whose thrust was sale of assets in the oil and gas industry as well as in the banking, telecommunications and energy sectors, to strategic investors, with foreign investors encouraged to participate in the privatization process. Pakistan’s record on privatization since 1991 has been impressive but the transactions completed in the last few years have yielded $ 3 billion stopping the hemorrhaging of public finances that were used to underwrite the losses of these enterprises. These privatized banks are now contributing substantial sums to the national exchequer as they have all become profitable. 18. As Pakistan would continue to rely on foreign capital flows for augmenting its domestic savings it had to demonstrate its seriousness in encouraging foreign investment. There has been a major and perceptible liberalization of the foreign exchange regime. Foreign investors can set up their business in Pakistan in any sector of the economy – agriculture, manufacturing real estate, retail trade, services, banking etc. , bring in and take back their capital, remit profits, dividends, royalties and fees etc. , without any prior approvals. Foreign companies are allowed to raise funds from domestic banks and capital markets. They are treated equally with national firms in all respects and can bring in expatriate staff to run their businesses. 19. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) can also enter and exit the market freely without any restrictions or prior approvals. In the Karachi Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of US$50 billion and over 650 listed companies corporate earnings were on average in 20-25 percent range much higher than those in most emerging countries. This makes Pakistan an attractive place to invest for foreign portfolio investors too. As part of this liberalization, non-residents and residents are allowed to maintain and operate foreign currency deposit accounts, and a market-based exchange rate in the inter-bank market is at work. 20. Financial sector reforms in Pakistan were also initiated early in the 1990s when new banking licenses were granted to private domestic banks to set up their shops along with the nationalized commercial banks and foreign banks. Although these reforms were implemented with fits and start, they were accelerated since 1997. The Central Bank was granted autonomy and the control of the Ministry of Finance over banking institutions was diluted. More deep rooted reforms were undertaken since 1999 when net non-performing loans of the banking system were brought down to less than 3 percent of total advances and loans, minimum capital requirements were raised to $100 million, the quality of new loans was improved, mergers and consolidation of financial institutions eliminated a number of weaker players and the range of products and services offered by the banks was widened. But the most crucial policy action taken by the Government, in my view, was the privatization of Habib Bank, United Bank, and Allied Bank – three large nationalized commercial banks of the country. As a result of these reforms, the share of the private sector ownership of the banking assets has risen to 80 percent and the banking sector is facing a healthy but strong competitive environment. The banks are highly profitable and the average lending rates have declined considerably as automation, on-line banking and multiple channels of delivery have improved the efficiency of services in response to market competition. 1. Agriculture credit, SME financing, consumer loans and microcredit have become mainstream products of the banking industry and the borrower base of the banking system has multiplied from 1 million to 4 million households. The middle and lower middle class which had been completely shut off from access to banking services are now enjoying car loans, mortgages, credit cards, consumer durables. Small farmers are using bank credit for buying chemical fertilizers, certified seeds, insecticides, small implements and hiring tractor services. Small and medium entrepreneurs are expanding their fabrication and manufacturing capacities and upgrading technology. Landless labor and poor women in the rural areas are receiving loans for poultry, small livestock, sewing machines, etc. The main beneficiaries of these reforms are the customers of financial services although it must be recognized that market determined deposit rates have also declined significantly. But as the lending rates are surging upwards, deposit rates are also going to depict an upward movement with time lag. The outreach of banking sector is still very sparse outside the urban areas and has to be extended to cover at least 50 percent of rural households if any meaningful results are to be achieved in poverty reduction and urban – rural income inequalities. 22. Deregulation of oil and gas, telecommunication and civil aviation sectors have also brought about significant positive results. Oil and gas exploration activity has stepped up in recent years and constant discovery and production from new gas fields operated by private sector companies have added new capacity to meet the growing energy needs of the country. Independent power producers – both domestic and foreign private companies – have played a critical role in filling in electricity generation requirements of Pakistan since 1996. Telecommunication has witnessed a boom since the private sector companies were allowed licenses to operate cellular phones. One million new cellular phone connections are being added every month and the number of phones has already reached about 50 million or a penetration rate of almost 33 percent. Long distance international and local loop monopoly of Pakistan Telecommunications Corporation has been broken and new licenses including for wireless local loop have been issued. The customers are reaping rich dividends as the prices of phone calls – local, long distance, international – are currently only a fraction of the previous rates. One of the advantages of privatization of the state monopoly, i. e. , the PTCL would be felt in form of higher bandwidth penetration that has lagged behind other Asian countries. Economic Governance 23. The most significant shift introduced by the military government is in promoting good economic governance although we have still a long way to go. The reforms in some of the most important federal institutions – the Central Board of Revenue (CBR), Securities and Exchange Commission (SECP), the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Pakistan Railways – initiated some years ago – are already beginning to take some hold and making a difference as far as governance is concerned. Discretionary powers have been significantly curtailed but corruption at lower echelons of the Government is still widely rampant. Freedom of press and access to information has had a salutary effect on the behaviour of decision makers but this has not trickled down to the lower bureaucracy yet where implementation of the policies takes place. The post 2003 period has witnessed some decline in the Transparency International ratings of Pakistan compared to the 1999-2002 period. 24. The cornerstone of the governance agenda is the devolution plan which transfers powers and responsibilities, including those related to social services from the federal and provincial governments to local levels. This plan was put into effect in 2001. The main premise of the devolution plan is the belief that development effort at the local level should be driven by priorities set by elected local representatives, as opposed to bureaucrats sitting in provincial and federal capitals. Devolution of power will thus strengthen governance by increasing decentralization, de-concentration, accountability and people’s participation in their local affairs. However, in the meanwhile the transition has created its own set of dislocations and disruptions in the delivery of services that need to be addressed. 25. Other essential ingredients for improving economic governance are the separation of policy and regulatory functions which were earlier combined within the ministry. Regulatory agencies have been set up for economic activities such as banking, finance, aviation, telecommunications, power, oil, gas etc. The regulatory structures are now independent of the ministry and enjoy quasijudicial powers. The Chairman and Board members enjoy security of tenure and cannot be arbitrarily removed. They are not answerable to any executive authority and hold public hearings and consultations with stakeholders. 6. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) has been functioning quite effectively for the last five years as the main anti-corruption agency. A large number of high government officials, politicians and businessmen were sentenced to prison, subjected to heavy fines and disqualified from holding public office for twenty-one years on charges of corruption after conviction in the courts of law. M ajor loan and tax defaulters were also investigated, prosecuted and forced to repay their overdue loans and taxes. 27. Civil service reforms aimed at improving recruitment, training, performance management, career progression, right sizing of ministries and attached departments, and improving compensation for government employees are part of the second generation reforms of the government for building strong institutions in the country. Proposals have been developed to depoliticize recruitment, promotions and career development, enhance the independence and responsibilities of the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) and systematically introduce merit based recruitment and promotions. The Civil Service Act has to be amended to reflect performance based career progression enabling the government to reward efficient and competent civil servants. The public sector educational training infrastructure is also being restructured to strengthen skill based training of civil servants at all levels. These are highly demanding reforms and a consensus has to be built among the stakeholders before they can be accepted and implemented. 28. Reforms in access to justice, under implementation since 2001 will deal with delays in the provision of justice, case management, automation, and court formation systems. In addition, human resources, management information systems and the infrastructure supporting judicial system are being revamped and upgraded. Small Causes Courts have been established to provide relief to the poor who have small claims. Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms have proved to be successful in bringing expeditious disposal of commercial and tax disputes and are being replicated for wider application. IMPACT OF SEPTEMBER 11 EVENTS. 29. A large number of observers and casual empiricists both within and outside Pakistan have been making bold but untested assertion that it is the massive aid flows and debt relief resulting from Pakistan’s participation in the war against terror after September 11, 2001 that has been responsible for the large reserve accumulation and economic turnaround. It is true that September 11 did help in diverting workers’ remittances from open market to inter bank, in providing some debt relief and new loans and grants, in removing official sanctions, but there were also huge costs incurred by Pakistan. Export orders of more than $1 billion were cancelled. Visits by foreign buyers were suspended and are still avoided due to travel advisory, higher war risk premium was charged on freight and insurance premiums were raised. 30. The data presented in Table-II shows that even if we assume the extreme case that all official transfers, debt relief and all foreign loans/ credits represent the â€Å"gift† of September 11 to Pakistan, this combined amount represents only 8. 5% of total Foreign Exchange Earnings of the Country in FY-06. At its peak in FY-02, this amount was 21. 6%. But this entire amount is not a direct fall out of September 11 because Pakistan has been receiving foreign loans and grants every year since the 1950s. For example, in FY-00 and FY-01, the two years prior to September 11, we received 16 per cent and 19. 9% of Foreign Exchange Earnings in form of foreign loans and grants. The country had a positive overall balance and positive current and capital account balances in FY 2000-01 much before September 11, 2001 occurred. Even in FY 1999-00 the deficit on overall balance was quite small less than 1% of GDP. Pakistan’s reserves had started accumulating in FY 2000-01 and SBP’s own reserves had almost doubled after paying off foreign currency deposits of almost $1. 7 billion to the non-resident and institutional holders and $. 2. 8 billion in debt servicing to external creditors. Thus, this perception that every thing good that has happened to the country is a direct consequence of September 11 is not only incorrect but highly exaggerated for the reasons described below. 1. It should be recognized that any external financial relief such as provided in the aftermath of Sept 11 would dissipate quickly and thus remain temporary and transitory in nature until it is accompanied by fundamental structural reforms that clean up the economic landscape, unshackle the entrepreneurial energies of private economic actors, lay the foundations for competitive markets under the vigilant eyes of regulators and expand the productive and foreign exchange earning capacity of the country. As pointed out earlier unless the reforms of financial sector, liberalization of trade and tariff regime, improvement in tax policy and administration, deregulation of oil and gas and telecom sectors and privatization of state owned enterprises were put in place it would not have been possible to take advantage of the situation offered by Sept. 11 for its contribution to the dynamism of the economy and sustained growth during the last four years. 32. The data presented in Table-II clearly demonstrates that Pakistan’s foreign exchange earning capacity has expanded from $ 15 billion annually to $ 40 billion during the last six years or 33% GDP from 20% of GDP. Contrary to popular perception, it is the Pakistani businesses and nationals working abroad who provide the bulk of the foreign exchange earnings of the country. It is totally fallacious to argue that if the foreigners particularly Americans withdraw their financial assistance then the country will be in dire trouble. Less than $ 3. 5 billion are received through all types of foreign assistance while about $ 30 billion are generated by Pakistani businesses and nationals and the remaining amount accrues from foreign direct investment, privatization and international markets. If this pattern of foreign exchange earnings persist in the future the relative share of foreign assistance in form of grants or loans from United States, other friendly bilaterals and multilaterals will continue to decline and will become insignificant in the next 5-10 years. 3. In order to further evaluate the veracity of the assertions of the theory of dependence of our economy on the US, four key indicators are selected (a) US assistance as percent of Pakistan’s total budgetary expenditure (b) US assistance as percent of Pakistan’s total foreign exchange receipts (c) US assistance as percent of total current account receipts of Pakistan and (d) US assistance as percent of total value of imports of Pakistan. These indicators have been carefully chosen to see as to how much damage will accrue to our balance of payments and fiscal accounts if the US for one reason or the other abruptly decides to withdraw its assistance of all types. 34. The results of this analysis shown in Table III indicate that even under the worst case scenario of zero aid flows and no reimbursements for logistics services rendered to the US troops the diminution in foreign exchange receipts or budgetary resources would be insignificant – varying between 4. 5% of total foreign exchange receipts to 7. % of total budgetary expenditures. The other two indicators i. e. the proportions of total value of imports and current account receipts financed by U. S. assistance account for 6. 4 % and 5. 8% respectively – not worrisome amounts. 35. There is no doubt that the Government of Pakistan and the people of Pakistan do very much appreciate the financial and moral support demonstrated by the U. S Government at th e critical moment of Pakistan’s economy. Several other collateral benefits accrued to the economy as a result of the U. S bilateral debt forgiveness, strict scruntiny of remittances through informal channels, the US EXIM Bank and OPIC’s highly positive initiatives towards Pakistan and the withdrawl of all different types of economic sanctions. U. S Administration played a helpful role in ensuring larger volume of concessional assistance to Pakistan through the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The prompt and generous response to the Earthquake of October 2005 by the U. S Government, private sector and on-governmental organizations left a very favorable impressions in the minds of Pakistanis. 36. US is an important trading and investment partner of Pakistan and we should continue to remain friends with this superpower. The purpose of this analysis is not to show that we care little for our friendly relations or do not cherish friendship with the Government or the people of the United States. As a matter of fact we should expand our relations with the United States in the areas of highe r education, science and technology transfer, trade, investment and labor flows. We should also seek duty free market access for the products exported from the Reconstruction opportunity Zones (ROZs) in the Tribal areas as part of our joint strategy to provide economic benefits to the 3 million population living on the porous border with Afghanistan. But the main argument of this analysis is that the pundits in the US who believe that they can use the leverage of US official aid to paralyze Pakistan’s economy are sadly mistaken as they have an exaggerated sense of the importance of these official flows. Any attempt to impose conditions that impinge upon the sovereignty of Pakistan or conflict with our own national interests can be resisted without creating a serious dislocation to our macro economic stability or growth prospects. 37. Despite these reforms, Pakistan is facing many difficult challenges and will continue to face new unforeseen challenges. There is no room for complacency. One fourth of the population still lives below the poverty line. Human Development Indicators remain low as almost half of the population is illiterate, infant and maternal mortality rates are high, access to quality education and health care particularly by the poor is limited, income and regional inequalities are widespread, infrastructure shortages and deficiencies persist, skill shortages are taking a toll in the economy’s productivity while at the same time, there is high unemployment and underemployment. Most worrying to me is that Pakistan’s image abroad is quite negative. Foreigners are reluctant to visit Pakistan as they perceive the country to be a dangerous place. The worldwide preoccupation with the large economies of China and India and the ever-increasing quest to enter these markets is also working to the disadvantage of countries such as Pakistan. But the lesson we have learned is that there is no point in complaining and whining about this but to get on with the job, to work even harder, to overcome these deficiencies and constraints and to hope for the best. How to cite Pakistan: Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects, Papers